S2
Models of Bonding and Structure
Ionic, Covalent, Metallic bonding - and the materials they create.
2.1 The Ionic Model
Ion formation, ionic bonds, lattice enthalpy, and physical properties.
→2.2 The Covalent Model
Lewis structures, VSEPR, polarity, IMFs, hybridization.
→2.3 The Metallic Model
Sea of electrons, bond strength trends, transition metals.
→2.4 From Models to Materials
Bonding continuum, alloys, polymers, condensation.
→Exam Practice
Exam-style questions with mark schemes, examiner tips, and cross-topic links. Each page covers MCQs, data analysis and structured questions.
2.1 The Ionic Model
10 questions · Lattice enthalpy, ion formation & properties
2.2 The Covalent Model HL
11 questions · VSEPR, IMFs, resonance, hybridization & σ/π bonds
2.3 The Metallic Model HL
9 questions · Metallic bonding & transition metal d-electrons
2.4 From Models to Materials HL
10 questions · Bonding triangle, alloys & condensation polymers