IB Chemistry R3.4 Mechanisms (HL)
R3.4 HL

Electron-pair Sharing - Organic Mechanisms

Nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic addition, and free radical substitution.

R3.4.1 Free Radical Substitution

Initiation, propagation, termination - the halogenation of alkanes.

R3.4.2 Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1/SN2)

Curly arrows, leaving groups, and two pathways.

R3.4.3 Electrophilic Addition

Addition to alkenes - Markovnikov's rule.

R3.4.4 Electrophilic Addition Reactions

Alkene reactions with electrophiles and mechanisms.

R3.4.5 Addition Polymers

Formation, common polymers, and environmental impact.

HL EXTENSION

R3.4.6 SN2 Mechanism

One-step backside attack and inversion of configuration.

R3.4.7 SN1 Mechanism

Two-step mechanism via carbocation and racemisation.

R3.4.8 Electrophilic Addition Mechanisms

HBr addition to alkenes and Markovnikov’s rule.

R3.4.9 Electrophilic Substitution

Nitration and halogenation of benzene.

R3.4.10 Elimination Reactions

E1/E2 mechanisms and Zaitsev’s rule.

R3.4.11 Condensation & Hydrolysis

Ester and amide bond formation and breakdown.

R3.4.12 Organic Oxidation & Reduction

Alcohol oxidation pathways and carbonyl reduction.

R3.4.13 Reaction Pathways & Synthesis

Multi-step synthesis and retrosynthesis strategies.

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